Getting the Pointing Parameters and Confirming Polarity

There are a few things you should do to prepare to point to 121 W. First, you must use Point Dish, to get the pointing parameters (magnetic azimuth, elevation, and skew) that will be used.

Note if the polarity will change, from the current setup. For example, a feed arm will often ship, with polarity set for vertical transmit, because it is easier to fit it in a box that way. However, all assignments on 121 W will need the feed arm set to horizontal. This will be discussed later.

You should also get a copy of the satellite parameters for your modem.

Using The Point Dish Utility

Point Dish will give you the angle of elevation, magnetic azimuth, and the skew/polarity settings for your current location. Shown above are the results for the Yuma, AZ Foothills.

Use the following steps to determine the pointing parameters, for your location:

Programming the BirDog

If you have a BirDog satellite meter, you will need to download a new configuration that includes the 121 W, Echostar 9 profiles. This is described in the BirDog appendix.

StarBand identifies the transmitted polarity, horizontal in the case of 121, to designate the polarity assignment. Since all assignments on 121 are horizontal, there will only be a KH profile, in the Named Services section.

If the transmit polarity is horizontal, then the receive polarity will be vertical. Most of the satellite industry identifies the received polarity, to designate assignment, so the appropriate “generic” profile will be KV.

You should add the following profiles to the configuration file:

• KH StarBand Echo-9 121 West - Named Services Section
• KV Echostar 9 121 West - Top Section

The generic profiles are not related to specific services, but to the satellite itself. In the event that the StarBand network operations center (NOC) were offline because of bad weather, the generic profile would still allow you to “ find ” the satellite.

The BirDog web site provides many resources for BirDog satellite meter owners. More detailed photos and drawings of these steps are in the BirDog manual, which is available on the www.birdog.tv web site.

Erecting the Tripod and Plumbing the Mast

Use a compass to erect the tripod, pointing one tripod leg in the magnetic azimuth direction, as provided by Point Dish. Put the dish on the mast, pointing the antenna in the azimuth direction.

Ensure the mast is plumb, by checking it with a torpedo level.

Changing the Polarity to Horizontal

If the transmit polarity is set for vertical, it will be necessary to change the setting from vertical to horizontal. This is something that typically occurs only during the initial installation.

The larger photo above illustrates the polarity, when set to vertical. In the blowup, you can see the “V” for vertical polarity, lined up with the zero. Note that the LNB is on the top, rather than out to one side.

The arrow indicates that the entire assembly should be rotated 90o ... although the arrow shows a clockwise rotation, it can be rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise. The “H” marks are on the shoulders next to the Phillips screws.

To see how it looks after rotating to the “H” position, proceed to the next page.

Observing Horizontal Polarity

For a horizontal setting, either of the H marks must be aligned with the zero, as shown above on the right.

Note that the LNB turns with the wave guide when setting polarity or when fine-tuning for cross-pol. This can be seen above, on the left. Note that the LNB is now off to one side, rather than on the top.

The LNB can be turned to either side of the wave guide for horizontal polarity. Both sides have alignment marks to align the zero.

Making the Settings on the Dish and Locating Echostar 9 - 121 W

The satellite parameters for the current location must be set, as follows:

• Elevation - Set the elevation angle on the back of the dish. Add one to two degrees, to the value provided by the Point Dish tool.
• Skew - Set the skew on the back of the dish, per the value provided by Point Dish.
• Magnetic azimuth - Determine the azimuth direction provided by Point Dish, using a compass. Point one tripod leg and the dish in that general direction.

The antenna will be aligned towards 121 W by monitoring the received signal with a signal strength meter, while the antenna is slowly moved in azimuth. If the StarBand ® satellite cannot be located, increase (or decrease) the elevation by one degree and again move the antenna through the azimuth. Continue increasing or decreasing the elevation in one degree increments, followed by a slow sweep through the azimuth, until the satellite is found. Once the 121 W satellite has been located, continue adjusting in azimuth and elevation, to obtain the maximum signal.

After the maximum received signal strength has been obtained, adjust for Adjacent Satellite Interference (ASI), by moving the reflector to the east slightly. These steps for setting up the antenna and peaking the signal are discussed in considerable detail later in this chapter. Right now, the focus is on the initial commissioning.

Substeps 1 & 2 – Assigning an IP Address and Connecting to the Nova Modem

In order to configure your modem, you must first connect to it, as described by the first two substeps.

1. First, you need to give your PC’s Ethernet connection a static IP address of 192.168.1.2 . The modem will use the IP address of 192.168.1.1 . You cannot communicate with the modem before it is commissioned, without assigning a static IP address to your PC. After your modem is online, you can use automatic IP addressing. For details on how to configure a static IP address, please see Appendix C, Configuring IP Addressing .
2. Once you have assigned the static IP address, plug in an Ethernet cable, connecting your PC to the Nova modem. Then, type the IP address of the modem, 192.168.1.1 , in the address bar of your web browser, as shown above and hit the <Enter> key.


Note: Make sure you do not have a browser proxy set. This will prevent you from connecting to your modem.

Substep 3 – Logging in as Installer

When you connect to the modem, you will see the SkyManage Status page, in the Status section. The Status page above is shown as it will appear when you have four lights ON solid, on the modem, and you are online.

The three SkyManage sections have links across the top and include Status , Tools , and Installer . The Tools section isn’t always available.

Only those functions relevant for the configuration process are discussed here. Functions that aren’t discussed in this chapter will be covered in the next chapter, Help & Troubleshooting Information .

Click on Installer and log in with username = inst and a password = $Sat2598$ .

You will then be shown the Setup page.

Substeps 4 & 5 – Configuring the VSAT ID and Powering Down the Modem

You now need to configure your unique VSAT ID and other satellite parameters. Then, power down the modem, so you can go on to connect the coaxial cables.

1. If necessary, click on Setup on the left. You should see the Setup page, as shown above. You will need a list of the satellite parameters. Only the General and Modulation and Coding sections on the Setup page are normally changed. The other sections will use the defaults.

Enter the unique VSAT ID and the other satellite parameters. You do not have to type leading zeros.

After you have entered the parameters, click Submit , to save the change.

You will be presented with a Windows dialog asking “ Are you sure? ” When you click OK , you should receive a Succeeded message. Click OK to complete the process.

2. Power down the modem. You are ready to connect it to the antenna via the coaxial (IFL) cables, as discussed next.

Once you have connected the cables and powered on the modem, you can watch the progress of the commissioning with SkyManage Status .

Substep 6 – Connecting the Modem to the Antenna

You must now connect the coaxial cables between the antenna and the StarBand ® satellite modem. The illustration above shows the location of all cables, for the StarBand ® Nova modem. Always make sure the modem is powered OFF, before you connect or disconnect the coaxial cables.

• Attach the Tx or transmit cable from the connector marked RF-OUT on the modem, to the Tx connection point, on the Rx-Tx feed assembly.
• Attach the Rx or receive cable, from the connector on the modem marked RF-IN , to the LNB.
• Reconnect the power cable. There is no On/Off switch on the Nova modem.
• Confirm satellite - The Rx light on the modem will illuminate, as soon as the modem finishes its power-on cycling, IF you are pointed at the correct satellite.

If the Rx light does not come on, you are likely not locked onto the correct satellite. Recheck all of your settings on the dish.

Note: Remember to remove your satellite meter and NOT connect it inline with a Nova modem, as the voltages provided by the modem can harm the meter.

Monitoring the Progress of the Download

To monitor the progress, just click on the Status link at the top of the SkyManage page and then click on Telemetry on the left.

The bottom bar shown above is the download status bar. It is only visible when a download is in progress. The download normally takes between five and 10 minutes. When the download reaches 100%, click on Status on the left and you will see the page shown above with all of the green check marks.

When you first view this page, not all of the green checks will be present. There is a correspondence between some of these green checks and the status lights on the modem. For example, the Rx light will be on, when Outbound - Locked has a green check. Likewise, the SYNC light will be on, when the Sync - Synchronized green check is present.

The modem should start cycling. It will take several minutes and the modem may power cycle several times before it finally gets all four lights on solid.

When all four of the modem lights are on and all of the green checks are present, it is time for you to check the alignment and finish commissioning the modem.

If the ONLINE light doesn’t come on, even after waiting at least 30 minutes, power cycle the modem. If it still doesn’t come on, technical support may be needed.

Checking Alignment with CVACS

After all of the installation steps have been completed, CVACS is called. The Antenna Alignment Main Menu option, Check Alignment submenu option is used first, to obtain the co-pol, cross-pol, and ASI values. If the CVACS criteria is met, you can go on to the next step, getting the Confirmation number, which is only ever done once.

If the site does not meet the criteria, finer adjustments to the antenna pointing will be required in the azimuth, elevation, and/or polarization axes. The co-pol or cross-pol (or both) will be adjusted with the corresponding Alignment Menu submenu options. There is also an ASI adjustment option, but it is not yet functional. A web-based interface for checking the alignment is under development.

How to adjust your setup when it doesn’t meet the criteria is discussed in great detail later in this chapter.

Here is an overview of the adjustment process:

• When fine-tuning the skew to reduce the cross-pol value, if you turn the feed assembly clockwise and the numbers you hear from CVACS are further from meeting the criteria (i.e., larger) adjust it again, twice as much in the opposite direction (i.e., counter-clockwise).
• Always wait for at least one or two readings from CVACS, before you again turn the feed assembly, to allow for the normal fluctuations that occur.
• When adjusting the co-pol, Make minor adjustments in azimuth and/or elevation, while listening to co-pol values from CVACS.
• Continue adjusting, 1 degree or less at a time, until you have the best possible values and can easily meet criteria.
• Adjust for ASI, by moving to the east slightly. It is sometimes necessary to also move it downward slightly. This is for assignment to Echostar 9, at 121 W.
• Tighten everything.


Note: Minimum acceptable co-pol value is 24.0 dB, maximum acceptable cross-pol value is 4.0 dB, and maximum acceptable ASI value is 5.0.

Because of a technical limitation of the check-alignment script, CVACS will recite several non-meaningful numbers, after the ASI. The actual ASI reading will follow the words “ASI West Co-pol”. The gibberish numbers will follow that.

Obtaining the Confirmation Number.

The commissioning process is completed by obtaining the confirmation number. CVACS will again measure the co-pol, cross-pol, and ASI values, to verify the antenna is within the specified limits.

The values will be recited, along with an indication of whether or not the setup meets the criteria. If any of the measured values do not meet the criteria, an error message telling you the criteria is not met will immediately follow the non-confcrming value. You will then need to adjust further, until your setup meets the criteria.

When your setup meets the criteria, a confirmation number is generated. You should make a note of this number. It may be requested in the next step, registering as a StarBand ® member.

• You should never again request a confirmation number. Although it doesn’t usually hurt anything, it can cause the CVACS Notification Number to become invalid in CVACS. You then have to ask your dealer to generate a Z8 number for you..

Setting Up Your StarBand.net Member Account

You should choose a member name to be used for your primary account. Remember that you get either 5, 10, or 15 email accounts, but only one is your primary account.

To register your username/primary email address, you will enter the following information:

• Username - You will enter only the username (without @starband.net) when you log into the member web site. If the username you select is already taken, you will get an error message asking you to select a different username. Usually, you can just add a number to the end of the requested username to make it unique.
• Password - You will need to enter the password you want to use twice
• Secret question - You can select one of several secret questions. Choose one that you will always know the answer for. Then, if you ever forget your password, you can take the “I forgot my password” option and you will be prompted with the secret question. As long as you answer correctly, your password will be emailed to you.
• Secret answer - Type the correct answer to the secret question.


Note: It is suggested that you reserve your primary account only for logging into the StarBand® member web site and for official emails from StarBand®. You should set up at least one secondary account for normal email usage.

If you try to access your account before the account has been fully created, you will see an error message. If you see an error when you first try to log in to starband.net, just try again a little later.

Logging into Your StarBand.net Account

After you register for your StarBand® account and wait about 10 minutes, you can go to https://starband.net/Default.aspx and login to your account.

Just click on Sign In or on any tab that requires login. The login page is shown at the right of the graphic above. Login with the primary account, to access all of the functions of the portal and more. You can manage your billing information or view your current bandwidth usage. Click on Account and then click on the appropriate tab, for the account management function you want. There is more about this in Chapter 3.

To set up a secondary email account, click on Account and then on the Manage Email tab. This is discussed in the next chapter.

Click Sign Out , when you are finished.

You can also login here with any of the secondary accounts you create. Just click on most tabs and the login page will be presented. Or, click on Sign In

Note: This concludes the first time setup and commissioning information. The rest of this chapter covers how to set up your mobile Starband® system, every time you move.

The Point Dish Utility

Use the following steps, for using the Point Dish utility, to determine the angle of elevation, azimuth, and skew/polarity settings for your location:

Actual vs Apparent Signal Path to the Satellite

When you are attempting to set up a satellite dish in a heavily wooded area or one with lots of man-made obstructions, it helps to understand how the dish really works.

One common misconception is that the dish points "directly" at the satellite. This isn't the case for most dish designs. The apparent elevation of the dish is 15 or more degrees lower than its actual receiving window. If this isn’t clear, hopefully, the diagram will help clarify this concept.

When you are trying to aim for that hole in the trees , remembering this will probably mean the difference between success and failure!

A great little tool to help you find that hole in the trees is an easy-to-make elevation gauge. All you need is one of those little bubble tilt gauges that are commonly attached to the front of RVs for leveling and a piece of paper towel tube! Put them together and you've got a handy aid to determine the true elevation of an object or opening in the tree canopy.

To use it, simply hold (or attach permanently) the level gauge against the bottom of the tube. Angle the tube upward while watching the gauge for the desired elevation. Once there, you can look through the tube to see what might be in the path of your satellite signal. It takes a little practice, but you'll get the hang of it.

Our thanks to Terry Cannon and RovingInternet.com for this contribution.

Setting up the Tripod and Offset Adapter – The Wrong Way!

As stated earlier, it is very important to correctly orient the tripod legs and offset adapter, to ensure a stable and successful setup. This page shows what you should NOT DO!

The photos above show the top and side views of an incorrectly oriented tripod and mounted offset adapter. You can see that neither the rear tripod leg nor the offset adapter are aligned with the azimuth direction.

Additionally, the arrangement shown above is not balanced. It would not be a safe setup. The tripod could more easily fall over in the wind, because it is not stable.

Step 1: Getting Ready and Plumbing the Mast — Using a Mast Level

Make sure the tripod legs are firmly planted in the ground, to hold it in place. On hard surfaces, you will need to keep the legs from spreading with chains or other restraint.

Before installing the antenna, plumb the mast (vertical tube) of the offset adapter using a torpedo or mast level, as shown above. Check along the azimuth angle and at 90 degrees to it. At this point it does not have to be exact, but make it close to plumb. Later you will make adjustments, to ensure a plumb mast in the final set up.

Using a Bubble-level to Check for a Plumb Mast

A bubble T-level attached to the offset adapter will help make your setup even easier. The T-level was calibrated to a plumb mast when it was attached. Simply adjust your tripod legs, until the T-level shows “Level” in both directions.

The calibration of the T-level to the mast can be lost with usage. You may have to periodically remove and re-install the T-level.

Step 2: Installing the Reflector/AZ/EL Skew Cap Mount

Install just the reflector/AZ/EL Skew Cap Mount assembly onto the mast, at this time. The Rx-Tx feed assembly will be added later.

Make sure the assembly tab aligns with the notch in the adapter, if the notch is present. This is shown in the figure above, on the left.

Tighten the clamp bolts on the mount assembly, as indicated in the center above.

Use the compass to align the reflector/AZ/EL skew cap mount, mast, and the front tripod leg to the azimuth, as illustrated in the graphic, on the right.

Note: The Phase III dish which comes with the Nova may have either the Phase II AZ/EL skew cap mount or the Phase III design. The newer design includes an azimuth fine-tuning adjustment feature, which isn’t really needed with tripod setups. With a tripod-mounted dish, the entire antenna assembly is swiveled on the tripod, to achieve fine-tuning of the azimuth.

Step 3: Adjusting the Elevation

Use the following steps to adjust the angle of elevation, to the recommended value plus one to two degrees. Refer to the figure above, for the location of each adjustment:

1. Loosen the elevation lock bolts one-half turn. These bolts are located in the curved slot on each side of the AZ/EL Skew Cap Mount.
2. Loosen the pivot bolts a quarter turn. The pivot bolts are also located on each side of the AZ/EL Skew Cap Mount.
3. Now, turn the elevation adjustment bolt clockwise, to decrease elevation. Turn the bolt counterclockwise, to increase elevation.
4. Align the edge of the bracket with the appropriate elevation mark on the AZ/EL housing.


Note: Remember to add 1 to 2 degrees, to the recommended elevation setting provided by the Point Dish tool.

Step 4: Adjusting the Skew or Polarization Setting

The skew or polarization is probably the most critical setting. It is this setting that should be validated via the CVACS cross-pol test, after each move. In this step, you will adjust the setting, per the Skew/Polarization value provided by the Point Dish utility.

Later, you will use CVACS to check the alignment. If your settings do not meet the criteria, you will fine-tune the skew setting, with the help of CVACS.

Complete the following steps, to set the skew. Refer to the figure above, for the location of these adjustments:

1. Loosen the four skew locking bolts, until they are just finger-tight. These bolts are located on the AZ/EL skew cap mount, where the mount is attached to the antenna.
2. Rotate the AZ/EL skew cap mount, to align the indicator mark with the correct number on the skew scale. The scale is marked in two-degree increments.
3. Tighten the skew locking bolts. Don't over tighten.

You may need to fine-tune this setting later.

Step 5: Installing the Rx-Tx Feed Assembly

Some two-way satellite users prefer to perform the settings discussed in the earlier steps at a table, and then mount the dish. The approach recommended here was chosen, because it is easier to make the adjustments, with the dish mounted on the tripod. In either case, it is recommended that the settings be made and the dish mounted, before the Rx-Tx feed assembly is attached.

Use the following steps to install the Rx-Tx feed assembly. Refer to the figure above, for details:

1. Remove the hardware that attaches the feed support arm to the dish.
2. Insert the feed support arm into the notch on the bottom of the reflector.
3. Secure the feed support arm to the reflector, with the hardware that you removed in Substep 1.
4. Don't over tighten.


Note: The figure above shows a Phase III setup on the left and Phase II on the right.

Step 6: Re-checking the Plumb

A well-plumbed mast will make your job easy! A well-plumbed mast is probably the single biggest factor, for setups that go smoothly, versus those that are long, tedious, and frustrating. If your mast is properly plumbed, when you have optimized your receive signal, you should pass cross-pol easily.

As shown in the figure above, you should re-check the plumb, using either an attached bubble T-level or a mast level:

• With a mast level, check both along the azimuth angle and at 90 degrees to it, as shown above.
• With a T-level, the bubbles should show “Level” in both directions.

This is an important step, because the tripod legs can flex or shift slightly after the antenna adjustments and with the addition of the weight of the entire antenna assembly.

Once the final plumbing of the assembly is complete, make sure the tripod legs are tight.

You are now ready to add ballast to your completed antenna assembly.

Step 7: Adding the Ballast

Once you have fully assembled and plumbed your antenna setup, it is VERY important to add enough ballast to the tripod and antenna. Although the installation seems very stable, it can be upset by strong winds. Think of the antenna as a big sail - a strong wind could easily blow the entire assembly over and damage the equipment.

It is recommended that you add a minimum of 50 lbs of ballast, to the antenna tripod. Examples of suitable ballast include a 5-gallon bucket, filled with water or rocks, or two 25-pound barbell weights, as shown in the figure above.

Make sure that adding the ballast has not affected the plumb of the system.

Note: Always check the plumb again, after adding the ballast!

Preparing for Inclement Weather

If you are going to leave the antenna assembly unattended in an area prone to sudden severe weather, or if there are severe weather warnings issued, it is recommended that you remove the Rx-Tx feed assembly and the reflector/AZ/EL Skew Cap Mount assembly, separately, from the tripod adapter. Try not to upset the plumbed mast and tripod, so when you remount them, realignment will be more easily achieved.

In general, always use common sense in evaluating your local weather conditions and the deployment of your StarBand ® VSAT.

Step 1: Attaching a BirDog Satellite Meter

This step assumes a fully charged BirDog satellite meter.

Attach an RG-6 cable from the Rx point (LNB) on the Rx-Tx Feed Assembly, to the connector marked Input on the BirDog.

Cable lengths and meter position shown are for illustration purposes only. Actual cable length will be for optimum placement of the meter, for visibility.

Alternate Step 1: Connecting the Cables and Using SkyManage to Point the Dish

If you will be using SkyManage to find and peak the satellite signal, you will need to hook up the cables before you can begin the pointing process. This is described later.

Once the cables are connected and power applied, you can monitor the received signal:

1. Open Internet Explorer or another web browser and type 192.168.1.1 in the address bar, as shown above. Make sure you do NOT have a proxy set.
2. If necessary, click on the Status link at the top of the SkyManage page and then click on Telemetry on the left.
3. The dish can be adjusted while you monitor the Rx signal EbN0 display.

Some prefer to take their laptop out to the dish to monitor the received signal as they point the dish. Others use Walkie-Talkies: one person watches the SkyManage display and relays the status (red or green) and the signal level to the other person, who is adjusting the dish.

Note: There will be no green displayed until you are pointed well enough to lock onto the received satellite signal. After you lock the signal, you should continue to adjust the azimuth and elevation, until you have the largest possible EbN0 value.

Step 2: Locating Echostar 9 at 121 W

Locate the correct satellite, as follows:

• Loosen the offset adapter knob for a tripod setup or the bolts that tighten the dish on the mast for a pole mount, so you can rotate the dish through the azimuth.
• Slowly sweep the adapter through the azimuth, until a signal is found. You should start the sweep much further to the west than the satellite and rotate to the east, going well beyond the expected satellite direction.
• If the desired satellite is not found, increase or decrease the elevation setting slightly and repeat the azimuth sweep. Continue to do this, until you locate the satellite.

Step 3: Peaking the Received Signal

Once the satellite is found, peak the signal by making minor adjustments to the antenna:

• Alternate between elevation and azimuth, until no further improvement is detected in signal strength.
• When adjusting the elevation setting, slightly increase or decrease the elevation (plus or minus) in one-half to one degree increments, until the maximum signal strength is achieved.
• When fine-tuning the azimuth setting, very slowly move the adapter (East, then West, then East again, and so on) in small increments (left or right, one to five degrees) until the maximum signal strength is achieved.
• Tighten the elevation lock bolts, the pivot bolts, and the adapter knob. Use an alternating pattern for tightening the bolts. Don't over tighten.

Step 4: Attaching the IFL Cables

If you used a BirDog or other external meter, you should now remove the meter and attach the cables from the modem to the Rx-Tx Feed Assembly.

If you used SkyManage Telemetry to find the satellite and peak the signal, you have already completed this step.

Criteria Met – Exiting CVACS

If the recited co-pol, cross-pol, and ASI West co-pol values (in that order) all meet the criteria, you are almost finished. Just back out of the CVACS menu structure by selecting Option 6 : Return to the Main Install Menu , and Option 4: Return Later . Failure to do this can cause the CON/ON-LINE light on a StarBand ® 360 or 48x modem to remain out and you may not be able to go online until you contact technical support. On a StarBand ® Nova modem, the ON-LINE light will sometimes stay out after an alignment check. Power cycling the modem will put it back online.

Criteria Not Met – Fine-tuning Co-pol and/or Cross-pol or Adjusting for ASI

If you hear Criteria Not Met, for the co-pol, cross-pol, or ASI, further adjustment to your setup will be needed, as detailed below. If any of the values do not meet the criteria, you will hear an error message immediately after the value, which did not meet the criteria.

Fine-tuning the Polarization/Skew Setting

The photos above show the four screws that must be loosened, to fine-tune the polarity setting. If you have one of the MobileInternetSatellite.com polarity adjustment kits, you will use the T-handled allen wrench included with the kit to do this. Once the screws are loose, carefully and slowly move the feed horn/LNB assembly, sometimes referred to as the polarizer. If adjusting cross-pol won't get the number below 4.0, check the looseness of the donut clamps. If you loosen the four screws too much, the polarizer can become wobbly and cross-pol values become very erratic.

Checking Alignment Again

Once you have made the adjustments for any values that didn’t meet the criteria, return to Option 2: Align the Antenna, Suboption 1: Check Alignment . Your setup should now meet the criteria. If this is the case, remember to back out of the CVACS menu structure, by selecting Option 6 : Return to the Main Install Menu , and Option 4: Return Later .

If the criteria isn’t met, you will need to repeat Step 6, to adjust further.

Note: Some variations in values will occur on each reading by CVACS. If you have been adjusting for awhile and the numbers returned by CVACS are all the same, you will need to disconnect and call again, to resume adjustment.

: Co-pol, Cross-pol, ASI, and Signal Quality Values

Summarizing the Alignment Criteria and How to Adjust to Meet It

The table on the previous page and the following information is from the RovingInternet StarBand® Aiming Guide .